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OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 12/9/2014, SPi
THE SEARCH FOR PEACE IN THE
ARAB–ISRAELI CONFLICT
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 12/9/2014, SPi
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 12/9/2014, SPi
The Search for Peace in
the Arab–Israeli Conflict
A Compendium of Documents and Analysis
Edited by
TERJE RØD-LARSEN
NUR LAIQ
AND FABRICE AIDAN
1
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3
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© Commentary: Terje Rød-Larsen, Nur Laiq, and Fabrice Aidan 2014
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First Edition published in 2014
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2014939580
ISBN 978–0–19–921610–9
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Foreword and Acknowledgements
The idea of compiling an Oxford companion to the Arab–Israeli conflict was first
presented to me in 2005 by Markus Bouillon, who served for me both in my UN
capacity in Jerusalem and at the International Peace Institute (IPI) in New York. Nur
Laiq laboriously and faithfully collected most of the relevant documents and contributed
to the organization of the book and the drafting of the introduction and comments.
Fabrice Aidan, a French diplomat, who served for ten years as my special
assistant and political adviser in my different United Nations capacities played an
instrumental role for the production of this volume. He made essential substantive
inputs to the organization and compilation of the documents and the composition of
the comments, throughout the book, as well as to the introduction. David Makovsky
and Marwan Muasher deserve thanks for reviewing the book and for providing
insightful comments.
I would like also to thank my staff at the International Peace Institute (IPI), Walter
Kemp and Adam Lupel, for their editing contribution. Miklos Pinther, former chief
UN cartographer, who in 2000 oversaw the delineation of the Blue Line between Israel,
Lebanon and Syria, compiled and produced the maps in this volume. Finally, my
executive assistant, Jilla Moazami, gave invaluable administrative support. Without
these colleagues, the book would have never come to print. I am delighted that the
volume came to its conclusion on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the signing of
the Oslo Accords of 1993.
I am grateful to the Government of Norway for generous support to the International
Peace Institute’s (IPI) Middle East program over many years.
I dedicate the book to my beloved wife, Ambassador Mona Juul, my companion in
war and peace, without whom I would never have become involved in the imbroglio of
the Middle East.
Paris
16 September 2013
Terje Rød-Larsen
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Contents
About the Editors
List of Maps
List of Abbreviations
A Chronology of the Arab–Israeli Conflict
The Crooked Course: Step by Step on the Path to Peace
Maps
xiv
xvi
xvii
xviii
xxix
xlii
Part I. Peace Agreements and the Disengagement from Gaza
Arafat–Rabin–Holst Exchange of Letters (Israel–PLO Recognition)
(9 September 1993) 3
Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements
(13 September 1993) 6
Letter from Israel’s Foreign Minister to Norway’s Foreign Minister
on the Status of East Jerusalem (11 October 1993) 18
Establishment of the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee (AHLC) (5 November 1993) 19
Protocol on Economic Relations between the Government of the State of
Israel and the P.L.O., representing the Palestinian people (Paris Protocol)
(Paris, 29 April 1994) 21
Gaza-Jericho Agreement (4 May 1994) 45
Gaza-Jericho Agreement Letters (4 May 1994) 107
Agreement on Preparatory Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities
(29 August 1994) 111
Oslo Declaration (13 September 1994) 139
Establishment of the Local Aid Coordination Committee (LACC) and the
Joint Liaison Committee (JLC) (30 November 1994) 142
Israeli–Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza
Strip (Oslo II Agreement) (28 September 1995) 145
Temporary International Presence in Hebron (TIPH Agreement)
(9 May 1996) 324
Declaration by PM Netanyahu and Chairman Arafat following their
first meeting (4 September 1996) 327
Hebron Protocol (17 January 1997) 329
Note for the Record (17 January 1997) 336
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Contents
Temporary International Presence in Hebron II (TIPH II Agreement)
(21 January 1997) 342
Wye River Agreement (23 October 1998) 348
Letters of Assurance from United States to Israel (October 1998) 356
Sharm el-Sheikh Memorandum (4 September 1999) 358
Protocol Concerning Safe Passage between West Bank and Gaza Strip
(5 October 1999) 363
Sharon Address at Fourth Herzliya Conference (18 December 2003) 371
Exchange of Letters between PM Sharon and President Bush (14 April 2004) 376
Disengagement Plan: General Outline (18 April 2004) 381
Rice–Weisglass Letter of Understanding (18 April 2004) 387
Letters from President Bush to King Abdullah II of Jordan (19 May 2004) 390
The Cabinet Resolution Regarding the Disengagement Plan (6 June 2004) 394
Agreement on Movement and Access and Agreed Principles for Rafah
Crossing (15 November 2005) 404
Gaza War I: Israel and Hamas Cease-Fires (18 January 2009) 410
Gaza War II: Cease-Fire Agreement (21 November 2012) 416
Part II. Peace Proposals and Ideas
Prime Minister Begin’s Knesset Speech on Home Rule (28 December 1977) 419
Fahd Plan (7 August 1981) 422
Reagan Plan (1 September 1982) 423
Fez Peace Initiative (9 September 1982) 429
Madrid Conference: Invitation and Letters of Assurances (18 October 1991) 433
Beilin–Abu Mazen Agreement (31 October 1995) 441
Sharm el-Sheikh Summit of Peacemakers Final Statement (13 March 1996) 454
Camp David Statement (25 July 2000) 456
Remarks by US President Bill Clinton and President Hosni Mubarak of
Egypt in Delivery of Joint Statements at the Conclusion of the Middle
East Peace Summit (17 October 2000) 458
Clinton Parameters (23 December 2000) 461
Taba Statement (27 January 2001) 466
EU Moratinos Non-Paper on Taba Negotiations (27 January 2001) 468
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Contents
ix
Report of the Sharm el-Sheikh Fact-Finding Committee (Mitchell Report)
(30 April 2001) 476
The Jordanian–Egyptian Proposal (19 April 2001) 479
Palestinian–Israeli Security Implementation Work Plan
(Tenet Cease-Fire Plan) (14 June 2001) 481
Arab Peace Initiative (28 March 2002) 484
The Rose Garden Speech of President George W. Bush (24 June 2002) 486
Ayalon–Nusseibeh Statement of Principles (27 July 2002) 490
A Performance-Based Road Map to a Permanent Two-State Solution to the
Israeli–Palestinian Conflict (Road Map) (30 April 2003) 492
Israel’s Response to the Road Map (14 Reservations) (25 May 2003) 499
Geneva Accord: A Model Israeli–Palestinian Peace Agreement
(1 December 2003) 502
Olga Document (12 July 2004) 530
Quartet Statements following Palestinian Elections of 2006, or the
Three Conditions to Hamas (30 January 2006) 534
Riyadh Declaration (29 March 2007) 537
Annapolis Joint Understanding (27 November 2007) 539
Olmert–Abbas Peace Talks (December 2008) 541
US President Barack Obama’s Speech on a New Beginning (Cairo Speech)
(4 June 2009) 542
Prime Minister Netanyahu’s Speech at Bar Ilan University (14 June 2009) 553
Chair’s Summary of the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee on Palestinian
Institutions’ Readiness for Statehood (AHLC) (18 September 2011) 559
President Abbas’s Speech to UN General Assembly on Palestine’s
Membership (23 September 2011) 562
President Abbas’s Speech to UN General Assembly on Palestinian
Non-Member Observer State Status (29 November 2012) 570
Part III. UN Documents on the Question of Palestine
UN General Assembly Resolution 181(II) or the UN Partition Plan
(29 November 1947) 577
UN Security Council Resolution 50 (1948) and the Establishment of UNTSO
(29 May 1948) 599
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Contents
UN General Assembly Resolution 194 (III) (11 December 1948) 601
UN General Assembly Resolution 273 (III): Admission of Israel to
Membership in the United Nations (11 May 1949) 605
UN General Assembly Resolution 303 (IV) (9 December 1949) 606
UN General Assembly Resolutions 1000 (ES-I) and 1001 (ES-I)
(5 and 7 November 1956) 608
UN Security Council Resolution 242 (1967) (22 November 1967) 611
UN Security Council Resolution 338 (1973) (22 October 1973) 613
UN General Assembly Resolutions 3236 (XXIX) and 3237 (XXIX)
(22 November 1974) 614
UN General Assembly Resolution 3379 (XXX) (10 November 1975) 617
UN Security Council Resolutions 476 (1980) and 478 (1980)
(30 June and 20 August 1980) 619
UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86 (16 December 1991) 623
UN Security Council Resolution 904 (1994) (18 March 1994) 624
UN Security Council Resolution 1073 (1996) (28 September 1996) 626
UN Security Council Resolution 1322 (2000) (7 October 2000) 628
UN Security Council Resolution 1397 (2002) (12 March 2002) 630
UN Security Council Resolution 1402 (2002) (30 March 2002) 632
UN Security Council Resolution 1405 (2002) (19 April 2002) 633
Report of UN Secretary-General prepared pursuant to UN General
Assembly Resolution ES-10/10 (Jenin Report) (31 July 2002) 634
UN General Assembly Resolution ES-10/13 (21 October 2003) 679
Report of UN Secretary-General prepared pursuant to General Assembly
Resolution ES-10/13 (24 November 2003) 681
UN General Assembly Resolution ES-10/14 (8 December 2003) 691
UN Security Council Resolution 1515 (2003) (19 November 2003) 694
UN Security Council Resolution 1544 (2004) (19 May 2004) 695
International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on the Barrier (July 2004) 697
UN General Assembly Resolution on ICJ Ruling on the Barrier
(2 August 2004) 759
UN Security Council Resolution 1850 (2008) (16 December 2008) 763
UN Security Council Resolution 1860 (2009) (8 January 2009) 765
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xi
Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict
(led by Judge Richard Goldstone) (25 September 2009) 767
Report of the Secretary-General’s Panel of Inquiry on the 31 May 2010
Flotilla Incident (2 September 2011) 797
UN General Assembly Resolution 67/19: Status of Palestine in the
United Nations (4 December 2012) 802
Part IV. Regional Documents
Sykes–Picot Agreement (16 May 1916) 809
Balfour Declaration (2 November 1917) 812
Churchill White Paper (3 June 1922) 813
Peel Commission (7 July 1937) 817
MacDonald White Paper (17 May 1939) 843
Biltmore Program (11 May 1942) 854
Arab League Charter (22 March 1945) 856
Egypt–Israel General Armistice Agreement (24 February 1949) 863
Lebanon–Israel General Armistice Agreement (23 March 1949) 877
Jordan–Israel General Armistice Agreement (3 April 1949) 884
Syria–Israel General Armistice Agreement (20 July 1949) 894
Khartoum Resolution (1 September 1967) 906
Cairo Agreement (3 November 1969) 908
Rogers Plan (9 December 1969) 911
Egypt–Israel Sinai Disengagement Treaties (18 January 1974) 916
Egypt–Israel Sinai Interim Agreement (4 September 1975) 918
Israel–Syria Separation of Forces Agreement (31 May 1974) 922
Sadat and Begin Speeches to Knesset (20 November 1977) 925
UN Security Council Resolutions 425 (1978) and 426 (1978) (19 March 1978) 941
Camp David Accords (17 September 1978) 943
Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Egypt and
Israel (17 September 1978) 949
Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty (26 March 1979) 952
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Contents
Protocol for the Creation of a Multinational Force and Observers (MFO)
(3 August 1981) 973
UN Security Council Resolution 497 (1981) (17 December 1981) 975
UN Security Council Resolution 520 (1982) (17 September 1982) 976
London Agreement (11 April 1987) 978
Abrogation of the Cairo Agreement by the Lebanese Parliament
(21 May 1987) 980
The Shultz Plan (4 March 1988) 981
King Hussein’s Address on Jordanian Disengagement from the West Bank
(31 July 1988) 983
Agreements between Egypt and Israel on Taba (26 February 1989) 988
Ta’if Agreement (22 October 1989) 992
Israel–Jordan Common Agenda (14 September 1993) 1002
Washington Declaration (25 July 1994) 1004
Israel–Jordan Peace Treaty (26 October 1994) 1007
Casablanca Declaration (1 November 1994) 1036
Israel–Lebanon Cease-Fire Understanding (26 April 1996) 1040
Israel–Jordan Qualifying Industrial Zone Agreement (21 January 1997) 1042
Government of Israel’s Resolution to Withdraw from Lebanon
(5 March 2000) 1045
Letter from Israeli Foreign Minister to UN Secretary-General on Israel’s
Withdrawal from Lebanon (17 April 2000) 1046
UN Reports on Israel’s Withdrawal from South Lebanon (22 May,
16 June, and 18 June 2000) 1047
Report of the UN Secretary-General on the Implementation of
UN Security Council Resolutions 425 and 426 (22 May 2000) 1048
Second Report of the UN Secretary-General on the Implementation
of UN Security Council Resolutions 425 and 426 (16 June 2000) 1059
UN Security Council Presidential Statement on Israel’s Withdrawal from
South Lebanon (18 June 2000) 1070
European Parliament Votes to Suspend Euro-Israeli Association Agreement
(10 April 2002) 1072
UN Security Council Resolution 1559 (2004) (2 September 2004) 1075
Agreement between Egypt and Israel on Qualifying Industrial Zones
(14 December 2004) 1077
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xiii
Aleppo Understanding (12 March 2005) 1084
UN Security Council Resolution 1680 (2006) (17 May 2006) 1086
Seven-Point Plan of Prime Minister Siniora (25 July 2006) 1088
UN Security Council Resolution 1701 (2006) (11 August 2006) 1090
UN Provisional Geographical Definition of the Shebaa Farms Area
(30 October 2007) 1095
Part V. Israeli and Palestinian Domestic Documents
Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel (14 May 1948) 1103
Law of Return (5 July 1950) 1106
Original Palestinian National Charter (28 May 1964) 1110
Palestinian National Charter (17 July 1968) 1114
Arab League Summit Resolution on Palestine Liberation Organization
(28 October 1974) 1122
Hamas Charter (18 August 1988) 1124
Palestinian Declaration of Independence (15 November 1988) 1143
Amendment to Palestinian National Charter (4 May 1996) 1147
Palestinian Basic Law (29 May 2002, 18 March 2003, 13 August 2005) 1149
Outcomes of the London Conference on Palestinian Reform (17 January 2003) 1205
Fatah Declaration of Cease-Fire Initiative (29 June 2003) 1209
Hamas and Islamic Jihad Declaration of Cease-Fire Initiative (29 June 2003) 1211
Israeli Cabinet Communiqué Approving the Removal of Arafat
(11 September 2003) 1213
Hamas Political Program (17 March 2006) 1215
11 May Prisoners’ Document (11 May 2006) 1217
National Conciliation Document of the Prisoners (28 June 2006) 1222
Mecca Accord for Palestinian National Unity Government (8 February 2007) 1227
Program of Palestinian Unity Government (17 March 2007) 1228
Haifa Declaration (15 May 2007) 1234
Ending Occupation, Establishing the State: Program of the Thirteenth
Government of the Palestinian National Authority (Fayyad Plan)
(August 2009) 1240
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About the Editors
TERJE RØD-LARSEN
Terje Rød-Larsen became the President of the International Peace Institute (IPI) in
2005. IPI is an independent, international not-for-profit think tank headquartered in
New York, with regional offices in Vienna and Manama. IPI is dedicated to the
prevention and settlement of conflict. The UN Secretary-General is the honorary
chair of the board of the International Peace Institute. Concurrently, Terje Rød-Larsen
is a UN Under-Secretary-General. He serves as a Special Envoy of the Secretary-
General.
Terje Rød-Larsen began his career as an academic, studying history, philosophy,
public administration, and sociology. He taught Sociology, Political Science, and
Philosophy at the Universities of Bergen and Oslo, before establishing the Fafo Institute
for Applied Sciences in Oslo in 1981.
As Director of Fafo, he initiated a research project into the living conditions of
Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The relationships with both Palestinians
and Israelis that he established during the period of preparing and implementing this
project led to a request by the PLO in 1992 that he help establish a secret channel for
negotiations between the PLO and the Government of Israel. Those negotiations
concluded with the Oslo Accords and the signing of the Declaration of Principles at
the White House on 13 September 1993.
In 1993, Mr Rød-Larsen was appointed Ambassador and Special Adviser for the
Middle East Peace process to the Norwegian Foreign Minister. In mid-1994, he was
appointed United Nations Under-Secretary-General, Special Coordinator for Gaza and
the West Bank. In 1996, he was appointed Norwegian Cabinet Minister for Planning
and Cooperation.
In 1999, he moved back to the UN as Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace
Process and Personal Representative of the Secretary-General to the Palestine Liberation
Organization and the Palestinian Authority at the level of Under-Secretary-
General, a post he held until December 2004. In this capacity he negotiated the Israeli
withdrawal from Southern Lebanon in 2000 and established the UN line of withdrawal,
the ‘Blue Line’.
On 14 December 2004, he was appointed by the Secretary-General as his Special
Envoy for the implementation of Security Council Resolution 1559, on Lebanon and
Syria. In this capacity he negotiated the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon in
2005. He also represented the UN Secretary-General in the cease-fire negotiations
during the 2006 war in Lebanon between Hezbollah and Israel.
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About the Editors
xv
NUR LAIQ
Nur Laiq is the author of Talking to Arab Youth: Revolution and Counterrevolution in
Egypt and Tunisia. Nur focuses on the transitions in the Middle East and North Africa,
the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and issues related to US foreign policy.
She has worked as a senior policy analyst at the International Peace Institute in New
York, where she headed the Arab Youth Project. She previously worked with Labour
Party members of parliament in London on foreign policy and on the European
Commission's Middle East desk in Brussels. She has also worked with refugees via
United Nations Refugee Agency in New Delhi. Nur has an MPhil in Modern Middle
Eastern Studies from Oxford University.
FABRICE AIDAN
Fabrice Aidan graduated from the Écoles de Hautes Études Commerciales (HEC),
Paris, School of Management in 1998. He also holds a degree in Arabic and Islamic
studies from the Sorbonne University (Paris IV).
In 2000, he joined the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and became a permanent
member of the Foreign Service. He was first assigned to the Department of North
Africa and the Middle East. In 2002, he served as a Diplomat at the French Mission to
the United Nations in New York.
In 2003, the Government of France seconded him to the United Nations. In this
capacity, he served first in Gaza/Jerusalem as the special assistant of the UN Special
Coordinator for the Middle Peace Process. In 2005, he moved to UN headquarters in
New York as special assistant and senior political adviser to UN Under-Secretary-
General and Special Envoy of the Secretary-General, Terje Rød-Larsen, dealing with
the Middle East.
In 2013, after ten years at the United Nations, he returned to the French Ministry of
Foreign Affairs as senior adviser to the Director of North Africa and the Middle East.
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List of Maps
1. Middle East Region 2014 xlii
2. Palestine 1900 xliii
3. Sykes–Picot Agreement 1916 xliv
4. The Middle East after the San Remo Conference of 1920 xlv
5. Peel Commission 1937 xlvi
6. Partition Plan 1947 xlvii
7. Armistice Agreements 1949 xlviii
8. Israel and the Occupied Territories 1967 xlix
9. Oslo Accords 1994 l
10. Hebron Protocol 1997 li
11. Wye Memorandum 1998 lii
12. Sharm el-Sheikh Memorandum 1999 liii
13. Camp David 2000 liv
14. Clinton Parameters 2000 lv
15. Taba Talks 2001 lvi
16. Geneva Accord 2003 lvii
17. Gaza Disengagement 2005 lviii
18. Olmert–Abbas Talks 2007–8 lix
19. Autonomous areas 2012 lx
20. West Bank Barrier 2012 lxi
21. Israeli Settlements 2012 lxii
22. Jerusalem 2012 lxiii
23. Golan Heights 2012 lxiv
24. South Lebanon 2012 lxv
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List of Abbreviations
AHLC
ICJ
IDF
JLC
LACC
LAF
LAS
MFO
OAPEC
OIC
PA
PECDAR
PFLP
PLC
PLO
SLA
TIPH
UN
UNDOF
UNEF
UNGA
UNIFIL
UNRWA
UNSC
UNSCO
UNSCOP
UNSG
UNTSO
Ad Hoc Liaison Committee
International Court of Justice
Israel Defense Forces
Joint Liaison Committee
Local Aid Coordination Committee
Lebanese Armed Forces
League of Arab States
Multinational Force and Observers
Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
Organization of Islamic Cooperation
Palestinian Authority
Palestinian Economic Council for Development and Reconstruction
Palestinian Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Palestinian Legislative Council
Palestine Liberation Organization
South Lebanon Army
Temporary International Presence in Hebron
United Nations
United Nations Disengagement Observation Force
United Nations Emergency Force
United Nations General Assembly
United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees in the Near East
United Nations Security Council
United Nations Special Coordinator
United Nations Special Committee on Palestine
United Nations Secretary-General
United Nations Truce Supervision Organization
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A Chronology of the Arab–Israeli Conflict
The following is a chronology of the main events in, and documents on, the Arab–Israel conflict.
Documents which are included in this volume are in italics.
1914–18 First World War.
24 October 1915 Letter from British High Commissioner McMahon to Hussein bin Ali,
Sharif of Mecca.
16 May 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement.
2 November 1917 Balfour Declaration.
4–7 April 1920 4 days of violent rioting against Jews in Jerusalem.
19 April 1920 Opening of the San Remo Conference.
10 August 1920 Treaty of Sèvres, or the Peace Treaty between the Ottoman Empire
and the Allies.
1–7 May 1921 Major riots in Jaffa between Jews and Arabs.
28 February 1922 Great Britain issues the Unilateral Declaration of Independence of Egypt.
3 June 1922 Churchill White Paper.
24 July 1922 The Council of the League of Nations confirms the British mandate in
Palestine.
23 August 1929 Major riots between Muslims and Jews in Jerusalem.
24 August 1929 Hebron Massacre.
23 September 1932 Abdul-Aziz al-Saud founds the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine.
7 July 1937 Peel Commission.
17 May 1939 MacDonald White Paper.
1 September 1939 Beginning of Second World War.